词汇解析：艰苦
📚 基本释义
1. 艰难困苦（形容环境或条件）
他们在艰苦的环境中坚持科研工作。
They persisted in scientific research under harsh conditions.
They persisted in scientific research under harsh conditions.
2. 辛苦劳累（形容人的状态）
建筑工人的工作非常艰苦。
The work of construction workers is very arduous.
The work of construction workers is very arduous.
💡 顾老师提示："艰苦"多用于形容客观环境或长期状态，强调困难程度大、条件差。
🔄 近义词解析
1. 艰难 - 强调困难多、不易
创业之路充满艰难险阻。
The path of entrepreneurship is full of difficulties.
The path of entrepreneurship is full of difficulties.
2. 艰辛 - 强调辛苦、劳苦
他靠艰辛的劳动养活全家。
He supports his family through toilsome labor.
He supports his family through toilsome labor.
3. 困苦 - 强调生活贫困艰难
战争年代人们过着困苦的生活。
People lived in dire straits during the war years.
People lived in dire straits during the war years.
4. 辛苦 - 强调身心劳累
老师的工作很辛苦。
Teachers' work is very laborious.
Teachers' work is very laborious.
💡 顾老师辨析：这些近义词的侧重点不同：
- "艰难"侧重客观困难
- "艰辛"侧重主观感受
- "困苦"多指生活状况
- "辛苦"适用范围更广
🎯 用法总结
1. 艰苦 + 名词 → 修饰艰苦的环境或条件
艰苦的岁月 | 艰苦的工作环境
2. 动词 + 艰苦 → 描述经历艰苦
克服艰苦 | 忍受艰苦
3. 固定搭配
艰苦朴素 | 艰苦奋斗 | 艰苦卓绝
使用注意：
- "艰苦"多用于书面语
- 程度比"辛苦"更重
- 常与"环境""条件""岁月"等词搭配
📝 随堂练习
1. 选择合适的近义词填空：
a. 登山队员面临(艰苦/辛苦)的自然环境。
b. 妈妈每天做家务很(艰苦/辛苦)。
2. 翻译句子：
"The pioneers endured great hardships in developing the frontier."
3. 辨析使用：
用"艰苦"和"艰难"各造一个句子，体会区别。